Teacher Resources - Skin. Cancer. org. In the Rays Awareness lesson, students learn about ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and tanning beds, how it affects the skin, and why protecting themselves from UV exposure is critical to skin cancer prevention. The free lesson includes a Sun Smart Steps animated segment, a Skin Type Quiz, and a Celeb Skin Twin activity. An interactive True or False activity gauges students’ prior knowledge of skin cancer, while video segments relay true stories from young adults who have had melanoma. InformationWeek.com connects the business technology community. Award-winning news and analysis for enterprise IT. Copy and paste the generated configuration output onto your SRX series or J series device in configuration mode. Towards a Low-Cost Mobile Subcutaneous Vein Detection Solution Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Whilst there are many different types of sun-path diagram, there are only really two types of projection system used; Polar and Cartesian. Intrusion Detection System Project Report 1. 2014 Raghav Bisht Root-X 4/28/2014 INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM 2. The instructional component consists of vivid images to help students develop an understanding of different skin cancers and to recognize their warning signs. View Rays Awareness Lesson Plan. Towards a Low- Cost Mobile Subcutaneous Vein Detection Solution Using Near- Infrared Spectroscopy. Advanced ICT Research Group (AIRG), Farmadent Pharm., 2. Maribor, Slovenia. Laboratory of Geometric Modelling and Multimedia Algorithms, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, 2. Maribor, Slovenia. Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2. Maribor, Slovenia. Institute for Media Communication, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, 2. Maribor, Slovenia. Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8. Graz, Austria. 6Institute of Information Systems and Computer Media, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 1. Graz, Austria. Copyright . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Excessive venipunctures are both time- and resource- consuming events, which cause anxiety, pain, and distress in patients, or can lead to severe harmful injuries. We propose a low- cost mobile health solution for subcutaneous vein detection using near- infrared spectroscopy, along with an assessment of the current state of the art in this field. The first objective of this study was to get a deeper overview of the research topic, through the initial team discussions and a detailed literature review (using both academic and grey literature). The second objective, that is, identifying the commercial systems employing near- infrared spectroscopy, was conducted using the Pub. Med database. The goal of the third objective was to identify and evaluate (using the IEEE Xplore database) the research efforts in the field of low- cost near- infrared imaging in general, as a basis for the conceptual model of the upcoming prototype. Although the reviewed commercial devices have demonstrated usefulness and value for peripheral veins visualization, other evaluated clinical outcomes are less conclusive. Previous studies regarding low- cost near- infrared systems demonstrated the general feasibility of developing cost- effective vein detection systems; however, their limitations are restricting their applicability to clinical practice. Finally, based on the current findings, we outline the future research direction. Introduction. This study outlines necessary steps towards developing a low- cost mobile health solution for subcutaneous vein detection using near- infrared (NIR) spectroscopy . The general purpose of this study was to gain a multidimensional understanding of previous works carried out in the field of NIR spectroscopy for the role of vein visualization . Our aim was to conceptualize (and later develop) an educational mobile medical application to primarily help to improve decision- making skills of healthcare students (i. Secondly, we wished to investigate if the available NIR spectroscopy devices were used also for other nonclinical purposes (e. Lastly, our multidisciplinary group wished to ascertain if there has been any precedent in using a standard mobile device for the purpose of vein visualization and to evaluate their scope and findings. Before proceeding, it is important to define the terminology and illustrate the background of the research used throughout this paper. Venipuncture is an everyday procedure in healthcare settings. The prevalence of a peripheral venous access line among patients admitted to hospital wards is as high as 9. Although peripheral veins are often accessed with only one needle insertion, in a substantial number of patients it is necessary to practice between 2 and 1. The main causes for the need of multiple attempts are insufficient venipuncture skills, inadequate care and maintenance . Particularly, the use of smartphones offer very promising possibilities for bringing benefits into the medical area . Moreover, Davies et al. Because of the characteristics and functionalities of its products, m- health is gradually redefining healthcare best practices. M- health entails the use of mobile devices in combination with new information and communication technologies and accessories. These devices have given rise to new possibilities in order to overcome obstacles, drive down costs, redesign care- paths and processes, augment the level of patient safety, and improve significantly the quality of care in diverse care settings, including hospital wards, emergency rooms, and homes . For example, according to a study performed by Haddock et al. For this sort of applications, a new term was introduced by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA): mobile medical applications (apps). Mobile medical apps are medical devices that are mobile apps, meet the definition of a medical device, and are, in their turn, an accessory to a regulated medical device or transform a mobile platform into a regulated medical device . Therefore, the main objectives of this study were as follows. The first objective was to get a deeper overview of the problems (i. NIR spectroscopy. The second objective was to identify the commercial systems employing NIR spectroscopy, to understand their composition, their effectiveness, and the relevance of clinical studies that they relied on, in addition to appraising their clinical outcomes and limitations. The third objective was to review all about the research efforts in the field of low- cost NIR spectroscopy, especially, its strengths, weaknesses, and technical features. Research Group. It is well established that when developing a medical device, it is important to involve and consider different perspectives (e. However, for a majority of mobile medical apps (available through official application stores for the major smartphone platforms; see a recent work here . Furthermore, most of them do not even mention any sort of health professionals. For example, in a study performed by Bender et al. Phase 1. As the initial step, the purpose of this phase was to gain a deeper overview about the general challenges of peripheral vein access, especially concerning the background, scope and the improvement strategies related to the handling of venipuncture. After the initial team discussions, enriched and guided by the health professionals, we carried out a detailed literature review (using academic and grey literature) about a group of interrelated terms, leading to a comprehensive knowledge about the research topic. Phase 2. In order to address the second objective (i. NIR spectroscopy), a systemic search was conducted using the Pub. Med database maintained by the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health and other sources. A search strategy (the flow can be seen in Additional File 1 in Supplementary Material S1 available online at http: //dx. NIR imaging to help visualize the vein pattern to choose the most appropriate skin point for venipuncture or cannulation. After collecting the abstracts that were returned using the search strategy, a manual review was performed to select relevant articles. Full- length articles were obtained for the most relevant abstracts. Clinical studies and efficacy studies were separated and other articles (i. The bibliography from the full- length articles was used to identify any additional journal articles that were not identified during the Boolean search. A flowchart that describes the selection process is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Pub. Med search strategy and literature selection process. Phase 3. One of the aims of m- health is to provide cost- effective alternatives in the form of mobile medical apps, especially in the field of diagnostics. Guided by this aim, the goal of our third objective was to identify and evaluate the research efforts in the field of low- cost NIR imaging in general. By the term low- cost research we are referring to studies (e. NIR imaging or acquisition systems from low- cost components. As our next step is to define a concept of transforming a standard mobile device into a low- cost and efficient vein visualization device, the related research findings could have a valuable impact on the design of the model and the architecture of the forthcoming device. In this sense, a systematic search was conducted using the IEEE Xplore database provided by the world. The search strategy (included in the Additional File 1 in the Supplementary Material S1) was used to identify papers covering the design or evaluation of NIR- related systems for multiple purposes, focused on their technical and usability features (e. A flowchart that describes the selection process is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: IEEE Xplore database search strategy and literature selection process. Phase 1: Peripheral Vein Access and Venipuncture. Venipuncture, the process of obtaining intravenous (IV) access, is an everyday invasive procedure in medical settings and there are more than 1 billion venipuncture related procedures (i. IV therapies) performed per year . It is well documented that excessive venipunctures are a significant challenge in today. Especially in infants and children, recurrent attempts to insert a needle to gain access to a vein elicit anxiety, pain, and distress . Children can be difficult to catheterize due to lack of cooperation, decreased amount of subcutaneous fat, and smaller veins . An average of 2. 3. IV catheter (range 1. Less than half is inserted in the first attempt, about 2/3 is inserted after two tries, and in 5% a catheter is not inserted. There is a lower success rate in infants. In addition to the standard technique of visualization and palpation, there are four main options to complement it, as follows: (1) manual procedures with the support of local chemicals, but they have limitations, above all, in children and people with dark skin .
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